White marble : with golden designs is located in Iran in Kerman and Qorveh. Marble is derived from the Greek root marmoros which means brilliant and is known as onyx. Marble is a type of limestone. The polishing ability of this marble slab is very high and it can be polished to the extent of mirror polish. These stones have different prices and colors and their main characteristics include beautiful color and a good polish.
These types of stones have been used in construction for a long time. These types of stones are especially used in decoration, stairs, interior design, and floors. Marble is used as a unique raw material in the decoration of large buildings and sculptures. In the last 15 to 20 years, due to the increasing growth of industries, decorative and precious stones have not met their needs. Many floor cleaning services are currently performed for this type of stone right now.
iranian stone mines : Before we start talking about Iran stone mines, in particular, it is better to clarify the general meaning of mine. A mine is a place where all kinds of metals and rocks that have economic value are gathered. Mining also involves the extraction of valuable minerals or other materials from land and mines. The history of exploitation, the discovery of mines, smelting of ores, and extraction of metals from them dates back to ancient times. Minerals include base metals, precious metals, iron, coal, diamonds, lime, salt, etc. In general, any material that cannot be obtained through agriculture or artificial manufacturing in laboratories and factories is usually obtained through mining.
For this reason, mines are very important in the economy, and the existence of mining is one of the most important assets for a country, and mining activities are one of the most important and determining factors in promoting industrial self-sufficiency, creating productive employment.
Iran is rich in minerals due to its diverse geological and geographical conditions and having a heterogeneous crust because it has almost all the minerals in the world.
Iranian Stone Mines :
Quarry is a place where slate, rock, aggregate, carcass stone, sand, gravel, or slag are extracted from the ground. The difference between open-pit mines and open-pit mines is that open-pit mines produce building materials and slate, but in general, open-pit mines and quarries are the same from which all kinds of minerals are extracted. Stone mining is also called underground stone mining.
Types of stones extracted from Iran stone mines :
Here are some types of stones extracted from Iranian stone mines :
coal
Sand and gravel
Large grain sandstone
Gypsum stone
Limestone
Marble
Ore
Phosphate rock
Sandstone
Some of the most important stone mines in Iran are :
More than several mineral ores are known in Iran. Only some of them have been studied. In general, the iron-bearing regions of Iran have been divided into several regions due to the proximity of iron deposits to each other.
Arak-Malayer region
Kerman-Yazd region includes Jalalabad Zarand iron ore mine, Sirjan Gol Gohar mine, and Choghart iron mine, and Bafgh iron mine in Yazd province
Dark Emperador is an exquisite polished marble from iran featuring a range of dark rich browns and grays. This marble is recommended for interior use in residential and commercial buildings for flooring, walls and countertops.
dark emperador marble
Dark Emperador Marble is one of the most preferred dark marbles in recent years by interior designers and natural stone applicators. The White Smoky motions on the dark background of the marble give the stone and elegant look. dark Emperador Marble has a high demand in the domestic and foreign market. dak Emperador Marble is the most famous dark stone from Iran. China is one of the main importers of dark Emperador Marble.
Dark Emperador Quarry
dark Emperador Marble quarry is located in Fars province of Iran. dark Emperador Marble is very popular and it is very difficult to take the blocks from quarry because of its high demand.
Emperador Marble
There is much mystery about the Emperador Marble classification of grades or qualities. Sorting its quality is done for each quarry or supplier according to needs, clients and markets. Therefore, there is no standard grading for this marble. Emperador Marbles are from Iran, Turkey, and Spain. The mixture of Emperador Marble with pietra dark or nero marquina marble is one of the most eye-catching designs.
Dark Emperador Marble Slab
Since it is a natural stone, its vein patterns may be different in each piece, concentrated areas of color may occur, and there may be light and dark patches within the same slab. This dark Emperador marble best expresses its beauty with a polished finish.
Dark Emperador Marble Quarry
This dark Emperador marble quarry located in Shiraz. This quarry has two separated working walls. Light dark marble of this quarry called Persian dark marble and the lighter one is Silver Emperador Marble.
Where to use dark emperador marble
This marble is recommended for both residential and commercial property installations. Fashion beautiful marble countertops, marble tile floors, accent walls, and other features with slabs and coordinating tiles from the Emperador collection.
iranian golden black marble is the subject of this article. in this article we will try to introduce this beautiful and popular stone. remmember that you can import this stone from iran to any country. you just need to contact us.
Golden black marble
Golden Black is a deep black background with white quartz and golden vein features marble quarried in Iran. This stone is especially good for Exterior – Interior wall and floor applications, kitchen countertops, vanity tops, table tops, fountains and other design projects.
Golden Black Marbl is one of the most beautiful natural stones in Iran.The background color of this marble is black covered by white and golden veins. This marble can be highly polished. It is mostly used in special and stylish places in order to alter soul of the environment.For instance, it is used for flooring building lobby, elevator, stylish commercial and residential buildings, execution on wall of corridor and parking in the form of strips. Further, it may be used as stair. In this case, it will really make feature of building evolved and different.
Golden black marble design
The combination of golden and black color with a few white streaks in this stone make it very beautiful.The golden streaks on this stone are exactly the color of yellow gold. the pattern and texture of this stone is unique and unrepeatable, due to the naturalness of the product. also the polished finish and shiny surface make it more fancy.
Some advantages of golden black marble
beautiful color and textures
suitable for indoor usage
low price
Good resistance in hard situation
usage of golden black marble
this stone is from marble family stone so in the outer space, its surface gradually becomes dull and Worn out.
The use of acidic detergents destroys the shiny surface of this stone. The best way to clean this stone is a wet napkin.
The best use for this stone is in the walls and then in the floor of the building.
Black gold marble
Black Gold Marble is one of the common Marbles among all black marbles. Iran have many rich quarries in country. Black Gold Marble quarries are scattered widely thorough the country but the value of this type of marbles depends on the black background plus the distribution of the golden and white colors on the stone. Therefor iran Stone, by having the best quarry is providing the high quality stone products in block and slab format for Black Gold Marble normally.
Golden black marble
The other name of Black Gold Marble which is also the brand name of this stone would be Golden Black Marblae and well known in the market. Golden Black Marbles is a stone with unique dark black background and beautiful white eyes along with nice flakes including the golden colors in random patterns which makes it impressive design on this stone marble.
Black gold marble slab
The Gold Black Marble stone of Iran is so diverse in pattern and veins that it can meet all tastes. Golden black marble is available with the pure black background or with fossils. In addition, the amount of white or gold veins are controllable. The 2cm and 3cm book-match slab of this unique black marble is available in our showroom.
Black gold marble block
Iran is rich in all kinds of marble quarries due to its vastness and suitable weather. The black Gold quarry is always open during the whole year and certain quantity of black and gold marble blocks are always available at stone companies in iran. Customers can select the black gold marble blocks to be exported or produced into slabs and tiles based on their desire pattern and amount of gold or white veins.
Black gold marble quarry
Black Gold marble comes from the mountains of Markazi province that is located in the central part of Iran. This province is an origin of other natural stones. Pakistan, China, and Italy are other origins for black marbles like Nero Portoro Marble, Black Marquina Marble and Black Bonanza Marble with gold or white veins but Iranian golden black marble has a unique texture and differ from those marbles. One of the favorite materials of any designer the Gold Black Marble can be used alongside a verity of other natural stones such as rosso levanto ,rose marble and white marbles like carrara marble , lilac marble and pure white marble.
Buy black marble
The strong ability to keep the usual ready stock of Black Marble Slab and Black Marble Block has made iran, the biggest Black Marble Supplier in world.
iranian pink onyx is a high quality beautiful onyx that years have been well-knowned and exported toevery-where around the globe. in this article we will introduce this stone to you.
What is pink onyx ?
Pink Onyx is an exotic pink slab with incredible translucency, color, and depth amid striking black veining. Since antiquity, pink onyx has been revered as a healing stone that promotes healthy relationships and acts as a ward against various ailments and pain.there’s no denying its beauty. Stocked in 2 CM polished slabs.
Iranian Pink Onyx
Ancient luxury stone from years ago till now is onyx; everyone can find onyx stone in historical place in historical country. Most of the onyx stone finds in Iranian historical place becuase Iran has the most onyx quarry.
pink Onyx from Iran is a pink onyx with dark veins. Onyx stones generally come with beautiful patterns and vivid colors. The characteristic transluscency of Onyx means it looks amazing when backlit. With Onyx your projetcs are guaranteed to stand out. Like all of our stones, it is available in blocks, slabs, tiles, bookmatch and more. We can process it for you into flooring, columns, walling, mosaic, cladding, countertops, furniture, sink, shower, sculpture.
All onyx has naturally occurring cracks and fissures. It is a fragile material. Expect to see factory repairs. The quality of the repair is dependent upon the factory of origin, the fabricator of the stone and the installer. Use an experienced fabricator familiar with working and repairing onyx. Waste materials should be factored in to fabrication as repairs and reinforcements will likely need to be made. Complex cut to size projects are not advised.
Pink onyx usage and types
v Onice Rosa
v Pink Onyx Slab
v Pink Onyx Blocks
v Pink Onyx Tiles
Onice Rosa
The Onice Rosa is a wonderful natural stone looks very much elegant and beautiful in your new kitchen or bath and leave your house looking amazing. Pink onyx has a light pure pink color in background with art like white veins. When it comes to choosing a kitchen countertop, one that has been growing in popularity in recent years is onyx countertops. The Onice Rosa is a natural pink Onyx stone, elegant, unique and intense. This rock is very elegant and refined, perfect for indoor paving and luxurious spaces. Afghanistan is also a source for Pink Onyx, but because of Persian pink onyx purity and darkness, Persian pink onyx is the best selling in the world.
Pink Onyx Slab
Pink Onyx Slabs are produced in Iran’s factories due to their beauty and popularity. Iran and Pakistan are the biggest stores for pink onyx. Many STONE CO in iran proudly announces its full capabilities to produce pink Onyx slabs with the best quality imaginable using the best machines and the newest technologies.Pink Onyx is a favorite among designers whom use the Pink Onyx with pure white onyx and bianco onyx.
Pink Onyx Blocks
Pink Onyx Blocks are quarried from Iran which has different pink onyx quarries and the most popular pink onyx quarry among all onyx quarries is placed in North West of Iran, which is a pure dark pink color. This pink onyx quarry is able to provide high-quality pink onyx blocks in big standard block size and depends on client order the company would supply pink onyx blocks in smaller sizes. Pink onyx blocks are also ready to ship and customers are welcomed to visit the pink onyx quarry and select their desired stone blocks.
Pink Onyx Tiles
Pink Onyx Tiles are expensive in comparison with other colors of Persian Onyx because it is rare and unique so usually producing pink onyx tiles is not cost-effective. So pink onyx slabs is what available in our natural stone gallery. Pink onyx slab thickness is two cm.
Pietra Grey Marble quarries which are located in south of Isfahan and very close to city, have provided this possibility that this stone with strong distinctive white veins in different directions and thicknesses which is highly resistant and beautiful to be installed as step treads and interior walls, be used in most of monuments in Isfahan city. Using this stone for the façade of buildings is not recommended since its black color changes to grey due to sunlight. One of the disadvantages of this building stone is the accumulation of dark veins that may be evacuated during the time and destroys the beautiful look of stone.Pietra Gray is a kind of dark grey with white quartz features populer marble quarried in Iran. This stone is especially good for Building stone,countertops, sinks, monuments, pool coping, sills, ornamental stone, interior, exterior, wall, floor , paving and other design projects. Pietra gray marble has a special effect and beauty with grau and black background color and white veins.this production method in 2 iranian stone processing centers including Isfahan and Tehran provice (shans abad industrial zone) as slab and tiles.The major consumer markets in the workd includes uae,usa,Canada,Russia ,Italy, south Africa , Qatar,oman and turkeyThe high advantage of pietra gray marble is branding and using it in the world’s leading projects, including night clubs, business centers, malls and many other spaces.
Some Pietra Gray Marble Advantages
Due to the obvious properties of this stone, in terms of resistance and low percentage of water absorption rate and its chemical analysis, it is one of the few stones used in different parts of a project. Including outdoor landscaping as Bush Hammered, outdoor space, floor, walls, countertops, stairs and etc. Here are some more of these advantages:
Famous
Variety of process
Mass production
Famous
This marble is one of the branded marbles in the world and is available in iran showrooms and most of the world’s showrooms and slab storages.
Variety of process
Another advantage of this stone is the ability to apply a variety of process methods such as polished, leather, sandblast, Bush Hammered and etc.
Mass production
The other advantage of Pietra Gray Marble is the high and extensive reserve of the quarries which covers any size projects.
Types
1. Pietra grey marble
2. Pietra grey marble slab
3. Pietra grey marble block
4. Pietra grey marble quarry
5. Polished pietra grey
6. Honed pietra grey
Pietra grey marble
Pietra Gray Marble is a stunning marble from Iran, being very dense and consistent marble. The local name for Pietra gray marble is Lashator marble. This gray/black marble is sorted in different types based on the background color and the number of white veins. Pietra grey marble is one of the most famous and best-selling natural stone. As a professional manufacturer of Pietra Gray Marble Slabs for years, we offer various kinds of Pietra Grey Marble Slabs With advanced mechanical equipment and experienced technical workers that can provide Pietra Gray Marble Blocks and Slabs on top quality and best price.
Pietra gray marble slab
Pietra Grey marble is made up of muddy Charcoal grey tones and striking white veining throughout. Therefore, both dark and light gray marbles with much veins or limited white veins are available at Iranian companies stock. Pietra Grey Marbles can be processed into Polished, Sawn Cut, Sanded, Rock faced, Sandblasted and Tumbled. Brushed Pietra Gray Slabs and Polished Pietra Gray slabs are the regular products in iranian stone Factory.
Pietra gray marble block
Although Pietra gray marble’s origin country is Iran. Pietra gray marble is exported to whole the world. In addition, many marble factories in China, Italy, and Turkey are producing this gray natural stone.
Pietra Grey Marble Quarry
Pietra Gray marble’s quarry is located in Isfahan province near nero marquina marble quarry, so high-quality Blocks of Pietra Gray in the best price is ready to ship.
Polished Pietra Grey
Over fifteen years of extensive research and product development have resulted in a product situated at the cutting edge of high definition digital technology. Iranian company goal was to produce colors and shades typical of Pietra Grey Marble that retain high fidelity of the natural stone. Because of high demands for Polished Pietra Grey in both export and domestic market, Polished Slabs of Pietra gray marble are always available in iranian showroom.
Honed pietra grey
Honed Pietra Grey has been becoming popular these days. The surface of honed Pietra Grey Marbles are smooth and consistent but not so shiny. Honed Pietra Gray has a little reflection. Honed Pietra Grey is preferred for floors, stairs and other areas that must easily withstand foot traffic.
How to use pietra gray marble
The on-trend color of this marble makes it the perfect choice for marble bathrooms, kitchens, and living areas. This style of natural stone has been featured in designer and celebrity bathrooms and kitchens worldwide so you can bring the natural beauty of marble to your home. Pietra Graystone is especially good for Building stone, marble countertops, sinks, marble monuments, pool coping, sills, ornamental stone, interior, exterior, and other marble design projects.
Pietra grey price
Pietra Grey price depends on the raw material and the grade of marble. There are several Pietra gray quarries with different qualities. Moreover, the slabs and tiles of Pietra Gray sorted based on the amount of chain, the background color darkness and height.
buy iranian stone , and why and how to buy stone from Iran. this article will try to fully answer to these questinos.
Buy iranian stone – How to buy stone from iran
Iran is famous for lots of stone quarries that owns. You can find any kinds of stone in Iran.travertine stone, marble stone, onyx stone and granite stone are the most common extracting stones in Iran. It is up to you which group is your desire. According to your project you can choose among different Iran stones.
When you are sure about the stone you need, you should decide you want it processed or raw. Both have some benefits. If you take the stone raw, you should process it yourself which means you would have different sources. To buy raw stone you should continue this to gather enough from each sort. The point for this option is very low price. Also you can choose the level of the quality you exert on the stone yourself.
Choosing processed stone has its own benefits. In this way you can have what you need in a glance. You can buy only the sort you really need. Also you can buy any quantity you choose and you would not have any limitation. In this way you can send the stone to your customer quickly and without any special trouble.
There are many companies in iran that sell different kinds of stone.you can find them on the internet by their sites and buy online.
anywhere you search for Iranian stone exporter websites , there you can see rockstone between the recommendations . rockstone is a well-known website in the field of supplying and exporting Iranian natural stones . with more than 20 years experience in this field we suggest you to buy your query from us. rockstone.biz had experience of exporting any kind of high quality stones to any where around the world.
you can order any kind of stone you desire by the contact us page.
Karmania Traonyx Stone is a kind of onyx quarried in Iran.traonyx is a type of natural onyx, which is a combination of travertine, and onyx due to this awesome combination. Traonyx has a special and unique property from both type of stone that is passing light from part of onyx material but the other part would not and illustrate travertine material.This stone has high resistance and water absorption is low and another analys is nearly travertine and onyx stones.Traonyx stone supply to form of wavy and cross out.it can be use at all of interior and exterior design.it supply in slab and tile sizes.As One of the it’s feature can beckon to ability of passing the light.The price of this stone depend on thickness,size and colour .it’s colour variation is black,white,gray,red.iran stone companies with supplying the traonyx stone are ready to give service in field of export stones to countries of Qatar ,Emirate ,Oman,Iraq, Lebanon, Kuwait and all of country on the world.
Traonyx stone usage
This stone is especially good for Wall and floor applications, countertops, mosaic, fountains, pool and wall capping, stairs, window sills and other design projects.
Types of traonyx
Karmania Traonyx
Forest Traonyx
WoodenTraonyx
Traonyx mahallat
Yazd traonyx
Karmania tranoyx
Karmania is one of the most popular and beautiful stone of iran, this stone is used inside and outside. A mixture of white,gray and brown colors can be seen in karmania traonyx background.iranian company have available blocks slabs for this type of traonyx in the stockyard.karmania traonyx has a lighter color called the white karmania traonyx.
Forest traonyx
Forest traonyx stone is one of the types of limenstone is relatively altered.in other word, this kind of stone is combination of travertine and marble stone. Origin of this stone is located in Isfahan provice and the heart of iran.forest traonyx stone has brown background with dark and bright models. This stone is processed in slab dimension,cabinet, volume,tabular, longitudinal,plaque and stair.
Wooden traonyx
the reason for naming this stone as wooden tronys is its appearance similar to wood, whitch has a brown background.the most important and obvios feature of this stone is the ability of light to pass. Other features of this stone include very low water absorption abrasiob resustabce abd abrasion capability.this stone, like other members of the traonyx the traonyx family, can be used indoors and outdoors.
Traonyx mahallat
This stone has a cream color background with a hint of light brown and beige color. Traonys of local areas is cut in two forms, waveless and wavy.the distinctine feature of this stone is the passage of light through its marble part. This stone is mostly used in interior design such as lobby walls, bathrooms and stone artifacts.traonys mahallat stone mine is located in markazi provice.
Yazd travonyx
Yazd travonyx stone has a yellowish cream color theme with white and brown streaks.the yellow and brown veins of this stone are made of travertine and the white veins are made of marble.this stone, like other members of the travony collection, has the ability to transmit light and be used in all indoor and outdoor spaces.it is also cut in two forms,wavy and waveless.
iranian red travertine and its differant kinds are subject of this article,
What is red travertine ?
Travertine tile is one of the most frequently used stones for residential and office flooring projects but can also be used as facade material and wall cladding. Because travertine tile is a completely natural stone, no two pieces are exactly alike which will create a very diversive pattern. Red Travertine (Soraya Travertine) is one of the most famous Travertines among Persian Travertine stones. Soraya is a Persian name, which means brilliant and bright. Thus, the darkest and the best quality of Red Travertine is called Soraya.
Red travertine in iran
Iranian Travertine products consist all types of tiles, with various finishings as well as honed & polished, tumbled, brushed, antique with chiseled edged, and Mosaic pattern compatible for using in floor and wall covering (Indoor and outdoor), Kitchen, Bathroom, interior design garden, commercial and office place.
Types of red travertine
Red Travertine Slab’s
v Red Travertine Tile’s
v Polished Red Travertine
v Persian Red Travertine
v Red Travertine Stone Quarry
v Red Travertine Block
v Vein Cut Red Travertine
v Terracotta Travertine
Red Travertine Slab’s
As each stone is unique, sizes will vary upon availability. Average slab size is 2.8*1.8*1.8 cm. Standard Slab stock thickness is 2 cm & 3cm for most materials. However, other thicknesses may be available upon request.
Red Travertine Tile’s
The Persian Red Travertine range is offered in both slab and tile formats, with tiles being manufactured in predefined measurements outlined below and slab sizes varying depending on the stone block extracted. It is worth noting that for custom dimensions can be fabricated depending on the size of the projects. Travertine tile will give your space a comfortable and natural look that is unique and will provide timeless beauty while accommodating heavy traffic. In addition, adding a travertine tile floor will very likely increase the value of your home.More often the stone is colored because iron or naturally occurring organic impurities affected the stone while it was forming. The stone comes in a wide range of warm colors that can work with different design palates. The color could be anywhere from white, cream, tan, brown, golden, or caramel to a yellow, red or gray.
Polished Red Travertine
Standard finishes for Red Travertine Slab and Red Travertine Tiles are polished & honed, specialty textured finishes such as leather, bamboo and others may be available in stock or upon request.
Persian Red Travertine
It is a red sedimentary stone, whose color can vary from feeble to intense. It is porous with soft, sometimes white, spots and veining. Persian Red Travertine is a unique material and does not have any rival worldwide.
Red Travertine Stone Quarry
The Red Travertine Stone quarry is located in Azarshahr city, one of the western cities of Azerbaijan province in Iran. Another name for Red Travertine is Azarshahr Red Travertine. This is one of the most beautiful and unique travertines all over the world. Such a bold red color of travertine can only be found in Iran.experts are always present at Azarshahr red travertine quarry to choose the best quality and the most well shaped red travertine blocks once they are extracted. Moreover, the short distance between red travertine quarry and Stone factory enables us to offer the red travertine slab and tiles with the lowest price. The Red Travertine Quarry is located near the quarry of walnut travertine.
Red Travertine Block
Red travertine blocks in impressive quantities are always available at every stone warehouse.
Vein Cut Red Travertine
Red Travertine as both vein cut and cross cut is one of our permanents products. Most countries in the world are interested in this unique stone due to its beautiful color. Vein cut Red Travertine normally has straight white and parallel red veins which are lighter or darker than stone background color. But in some cases, these veins are irregular and would be seen as crazy waves on the surface of stone. There are different quarries of Red Travertine in Iran but the most famous one named “Soraya“ is located in Azarshahr.An in-demand natural stone, Travertine Red Vein Cut is a much-loved choice for bathrooms, floors, walls, slabs, and tiles. Available in dark red (Soraya) and medium red color, its naturally exposed color and veins creates a visual break adding sophistication to interiors. For fans of rich backgrounds with exciting natural elements, Travertine Red Vein Cut is a source of inspiration.
Terracotta Travertine
Terracotta is brownish-red earthenware color. that is why Red Travertine is called Terracotta Travertine.
bianco coral marble or travertine is the subject of this article. we are going to fully introduce you their slabs , and tiles and quarry in Iran for export to anywhere around the world.
bianco coral travertine
travertine is a beautiful natural stone that brings elegance and character to any exterior. Travertine is one of the most distinctive types of natural stone that will make a statement wherever it is placed.
natural stone includes
Granite
travertine pool pavers,
marble pavers,
limestone pavers,
shell stone,
coral stone,
and many more types of exterior natural stone products.
Bianco Coral Marble
Bianco Coral marble is a white marble originated from Iran is now one the best white
stones in Iran. Bianco Coral marble has unique features that makes this marble useful for both indoor and outdoor, even for cold-weather countries such as Russia and Ukraine. It is because having porosity on its surface. Bianco Marble became a popular stone in our domestic market because of its reasonable price and especial chemical characteristic. Today, Bianco
marble is one of the main material that is used for facade of buildings in Iran.
Bianco Marble Slab
Because of having Bianco Marble quarry, having a marble factory very close to this quarry, and the high demand, Bianco Marble is always available at Iranian comapiens and factory.
One factory is producing this special marble evermore.The use Bianco Coral Marble with materials like nero marquina marble, portoro marble ,golden black marble and rosso levanto marble.
Bianco Marble Tile
Iranian stone companies have sorted Bianco Coral Marble in four grades. The first grade is pure white. The higher amount of light pink dots, the lower the sort. Free length Tiles are very popular because it is a demanding size of tiles for facades. Because of having, both block cutter
producing marbletiles could be done with different policies and prices.
Bianco Marble Quarry
Bianco Marble is quarried from our own quarry in Kurdistan province, Iran. Kurdistan is an origin of the many white stones. However, during the winter months, most of the quarries are shut down for a period because of the harsh conditions of snow and ice.
white crystal 
